Data Science Tutorial – Learn Data Science from Scratch!

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 Data Science Tutorial – Learn Data Science from Scratch!


Why Data Science?

It’s been said that Data Scientist is the “Sexiest Job of the 21st century”. Why? Because over the past few years, companies have been storing their data. And this being done by each and every company, it has suddenly led to data explosion. Data has become the most abundant thing today.

But, what will you do with this data? Let’s understand this using an example:

Say, you have a company which makes mobile phones. You released your first product, and it became a massive hit. Every technology has a life, right? So, now its time to come up with something new. But you don’t know what should be innovated, so as to meet the expectations of the users, who are eagerly waiting for your next release?Idea - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

Somebody, in your company comes up with an idea of using the user-generated feedback and pick things which we feel users are expecting in the next release.

You can even check out the details of successful Spark developer with the Pyspark online course.

Comes in Data Science, you apply various data mining techniques like sentiment analysis etc and get the desired results. 

It’s not only this, you can make better decisions, you can reduce your production costs by coming out with efficient ways, and give your customers what they actually want!

With this, there are countless benefits that Data Science can result in, and hence it has become absolutely necessary for your company to have a Data Science Team. Requirements like these led to “Data Science” as a subject today, and hence we are writing this blog on Data Science Tutorial for you. :)

Why Data Science - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

Data Science Tutorial: What is Data Science?

The term Data Science has emerged recently with the evolution of mathematical statistics and data analysis. The journey has been amazing, we have accomplished so much today in the field of Data Science.

In the next few years, we will be able to predict the future as claimed by researchers from MIT. They already have reached a milestone in predicting the future, with their awesome research. They can now predict what will happen in the next scene of a movie, with their machine! How? Well it might be a little complex for you to understand as of now, but don’t worry by the end of this blog, you shall have an answer to that as well.

Coming back, we were talking about Data Science, it is also known as data driven science, which makes use of scientific methods, processes and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, i.e either structured or unstructured. What are these methods and processes, is what we are going to discuss in this Data Science Tutorial today.

Moving forward, who does all this brain storming, or who practices Data Science? A Data Scientist.

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Need for Data Science

  • Facts about how much data we have , how much data we generate
    • According to Forbes, from 2010 to 2020, the total amount of data created, copied, captured and absorbed in the world increased from 1.2 trillion gigabytes to 59 trillion gigabytes, which is almost 5,000% growth.
  • Facts about how companies have profited from Data Science
    • Data science is booming. There are a large number of companies doing data transformation (turning their old IT infrastructure into the one that supports data science), data boot camps everywhere, etc. Of course, there is a simple reason for this: data science provides meaningful insights.
    • The days of a group of executives making instinct decisions on the basis of gut feeling to drive the company are coming to an end. They are being out-competed by organizations that apply data driven decisions. For example, let’s look at the Ford organization in 2006, which faced a $12.6 billion loss. After the loss, they brought in a chief data scientist for leading the transformation and did a massive three-year overhaul. This finally resulted in over 2.3 million cars sold and ended 2009 with a profit.
  • Demand & Average Salary of a Data Scientist
    • According to India Today, India is witnessing the rapid digitization of businesses and services, making it the second largest hub for data science in the world. Analysts have predicted that the country will have more than 11 million job openings by 2026. In fact, since 2019, hiring in the data science industry has actually increased by 46%.
    • Still, around 93,000 jobs in Data Science were vacant at the end of August 2020 in India. 70% of these vacancies were for the positions with less than 5 years of experience.
    • While the time taken to hire engineers is 6 to 8 weeks, the time to hire data scientists is 11-12 weeks in comparison. The reason for the vast supply gap and long hiring times can be traced back to existing skill gaps.
    • Data Science and Machine Learning have a steep learning curve. Even though there is a huge inrush of data scientists in India every year still very few people have the required skill set and specialisation. As a result, there is high demand for professionals with specialised data skills.
  • According to Glassdoor:
    • Average Salary of a Data scientist in India: INR 10L/yr
    • Average Salary of a Data scientist in USA: 1L/yr USD

Who is a Data Scientist?

Data Scientist - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

Scientist - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

As you can see in the image, a Data Scientist is the master of all trades! He should be proficient in maths, he should be acing the Business field, and should have great Computer Science skills as well. Scared? Don’t be. Though you need to be good in all these fields, but even if you aren’t, you’re not alone! There is no such thing as “a complete data scientist”. If we talk about working in a corporate environment, the work is distributed among teams, wherein each team has their own expertise. But the thing is, you should be proficient in atleast one of these fields. Also, even if these skills are new to you, chill! It may take time, but these skills can be developed, and believe me it would be worth the time you will be investing. Why? Well, let’s look at the job trends.

Data Scientist Job Trends

Data Science Job Trends - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

Well, the graph says it all, not only there are lot of job openings for a data scientist, but the jobs are well-paid too! And no, our blog will not cover the salary figures, go google! 

Well, we now know, learning data science actually makes sense, not only because it is very useful, but also you have a great career in it in the near future.

Let’s start our journey in learning data science now and begin with,

Types of Data Science Jobs

  • Data Scientist – A data scientist is someone who knows how to extract meaningful patterns & inferences from data and also knows how to interpret data, which requires both tools and methods from statistics and machine learning.
  • Data Analyst – A data analyst extracts, cleans, and interprets data sets in order to answer a question or solve a business problem. They can work in many industries, including finance, business, criminal justice, science, healthcare, and government.
  • Business Analyst – Business analysts are responsible for bridging the gap between business & IT using data analytics to assess processes, determine requirements and deliver data-driven recommendations as well as reports to executives and stakeholders. 

Business Analysts engage with business leaders and users to understand how data-driven changes to process, services, products, software and hardware can improve efficiencies and add value. BAs must articulate those ideas but also balance them against what’s technologically feasible and functionally and financially reasonable.

  • Data engineer – Data engineers work in a different variety of settings to build systems that manage, collect and convert raw data into usable information for data scientists and business analysts to interpret. Their ultimate goal is to make data accessible so that organizations can use it to optimize and evaluate their performance.

  • Business Intelligence Analyst – Business intelligence analysts or BI Analysts transform data into insights that drive business value. Through use of data visualization, data analytics and data modeling technologies and techniques, BI analysts can identify trends that can help other departments, executives and managers make business decisions to improve and modernize processes in the organization.
  • Machine learning Engineer- A machine learning engineer is a computer programmer, but their focus goes beyond specifically programming machines to perform specific tasks. They create programs that will enable machines to take actions without being specifically directed to execute those tasks.
  • Statistician – At high level, statisticians are professionals who apply statistical methods and modelling techniques to real-world problems. They gather, interpret, and analyze data to aid in many business decision-making processes. Statisticians are valuable employees in a range of industries, and often seek roles in areas such as business, healthcare, government, environmental sciences, and physical sciences.

Data scientist responsibilities

  1. Solving business problems through explored research and constructing open-ended industry questions
  2. Collect huge volumes of unstructured and structured data. They have to query structured data from relational databases using programming languages such as SQL. They also gather unstructured data through APIs, web scraping, and surveys.
  3. Employ polished analytical methods, statistical and machine learning methods to prepare data which can be used in predictive and prescriptive modeling.
  4. Rigorously clean data to discard irrelevant information and prepare the data for modeling and preprocessing.
  5. Carry out exploratory data analysis (EDA) for understanding how to handle missing data and to look for trends and/or opportunities.
  6. Discovering new algorithms to solve complex problems and build programs to automate repetitive work.
  7. Communicate findings and predictions to the management and IT departments through effective reports and data visualizations.
  8. Recommend cost-effective changes to existing procedures and strategies

Prerequisites of Data Science:

  • Technical

    • Mathematical modeling: Mathematical modeling is needed to make fast mathematical calculations and predictions from the available data. The major mathematical concepts required for Data science are statistics, probability & Linear algebra.
    • Understanding of Programming: For data science, knowledge of at least one of the programming languages is required. Python, R Spark are some required computer programming languages for data science.
    • Data Visualization: It is a process of translating and communicating data and information in a visual context, usually employing a chart, graph, bar, or other visual aid. Visualization also makes use of images to communicate the relationships between different sets of data.
    • Machine Learning: For understanding data science, one needs to understand the concept of machine learning as well, as data science uses algorithms of machine learning to solve various problems.
    • Deep Learning: It can be considered as a subset of machine learning. It is a field that is based on learning and improving on its own by examining computer algorithms. While machine learning uses simpler concepts, deep learning works with artificial neural networks (ANN), which are designed to imitate how humans think and learn. Until recently, neural networks were limited by computing power and thus were limited in complexity. However, advancements in Big Data analytics have permitted larger, advanced neural networks, allowing computers to observe, learn, and react to complex situations faster than humans. Deep learning has aided image classification, speech recognition, and language translation. It can be used to solve any pattern recognition problem without human intervention.
    • Database understanding: The in-depth understanding of database design and databases such as SQL, is essential for data science to get the data and also to work with data.

  • Non-Technical

    • Business Problem Solving: Real-world business problems are seldom well defined. It is upto the data scientist to understand and convert the open-ended business problem to a data science problem. Furthermore, it is also important to understand the pros and cons of each model for specific business scenarios.
    • Critical Thinking: It is a must requirement for a data scientist so that multiple new ways can be found to solve the problem effectively & efficiently.
    • Communication Skills: Communication skills are most important for a data scientist because after solving a business problem, you need to communicate it with the team as well.

Data Science Vs Data Analytics

FeatureData ScienceData Analytics
DefinitionData science uses scientific methods, algorithms, processes and systems to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data, and applying algorithms and actionable insights from data across a wide range of application domains.Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, exploring, transforming, and modelling data with the goal of discovering useful information & patterns, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
WorkingThe main difference between a data analyst and a data scientist is heavy coding which the Data Scientists need to be skilled in. 

Data scientists can arrange undefined sets of data using multiple tools at the same time, and build their own automation systems and frameworks.

Data analysts, analyze well-defined sets of data using a collection of different tools to answer substantial business needs 

E.g. why sales dropped in a certain region, why a marketing campaign fared better in a certain quarter, how some internal features affect revenue.

Major DomainsMachine learning, AI, Feature engineering, corporate analytics, Statistical modelling.Healthcare, gaming, travel, industries, ecommerce with immediate data needs
SkillsMachine learning, Deep Learning, NLP, software development, Hadoop, Statistics, data mining/data warehouse, data analysis, Python.Data mining/data warehouse, data modeling, R or SAS, SQL, statistical analysis, data visualization, database management & reporting, and data analysis.
Roles & ResponsibilitiesData scientists are tasked with designing data modeling processes, as well as creating machine learning algorithms and predictive models to extract & organize the information needed by an organization to solve complex business problems.Data analysts hold the responsibility to design and maintain data systems and databases, using statistical tools to interpret data sets, and preparing reports that effectively communicate trends, patterns, and predictions based on relevant findings.
Job TasksData Cleansing, Pattern recognition, extracting meaningful insights & business insights from data using machine learning techniquesData Processing, Data Cleansing, Exploratory data analysis, pattern recognition, database designing, developing visualizations & KPI’s.

Data Science Vs Business Intelligence

FeatureData ScienceBusiness Intelligence
DefinitionData science uses scientific methods, processes, algorithms and systems to extract knowledge and insights from structured and unstructured data, and apply algorithms and actionable insights from data across a wide range of application domains.Business intelligence comprises the strategies and technologies used by organizations for the data analysis of business information. BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations.
DataIt deals with both Structured & Unstructured Data.It deals majorly with Structured Data.
MethodIt is a Scientific method.It is an Analytical method.
ComplexityMHighly complexComparatively simpler
FlexibleData science is much more flexible as data sources can be added as per requirement.It is less flexible as data sources need to be pre-planned in case of business intelligence.

 

How to solve a problem in Data Science?

So now, let’s discuss how should one approach a problem and solve it with data science. Problems in Data Science are solved using Algorithms. But, the biggest thing to judge is which algorithm to use and when to use it? 

Basically there are 5 kinds of problems which you can face in data science.

Questions - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

Let’s address each of these questions and the associated algorithms one by one:

Is this A or B?

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    With this question, we are referring to problems which have a categorical answer, as in problems which have a fixed solution, the answer could either be a yes or a no, 1 or 0, interested, maybe or not interested. 

    For Example: 

    Q. What will you have, Tea or Coffee?

    Here, you cannot say you would want a coke! Since the question only offers tea or coffee, and hence you may answer one of these only.

    When we have only two type of answers i.e yes or no, 1 or 0, it is called 2 – Class Classification. With more than two options, it is called Multi Class Classification.

    Concluding, whenever you come across questions, the answer to which is categorical, in Data Science you will be solving these problems using Classification Algorithms.

    The next problem in this Data Science Tutorial, that you may come across, maybe something like this,

    Is this weird?

    Questions like these deal with patterns and can be solved using Anomaly Detection algorithms.

    For Example:

    Try associating the problem “is this weird?” to this diagram,

    Anomaly Detection - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    What is weird in the above pattern? The red guy, isn’t it?

    Whenever there is a break in pattern, the algorithm flags that particular event for us to review. A real world application of this algorithm has been implemented by Credit Card companies where in, any unusual transaction by a user is flagged for review. Hence implementing security and reducing human’s effort on surveillance.

    Let’s look at the next problem in this Data Science Tutorial, don’t be scared, deals with maths!

    How much or How many?

    Those of you, who don’t like maths, be relieved! Regression algorithms are here!

    So, whenever there is a problem which may ask for figures or numerical values, we solve it using Regression Algorithms. 

    For Example:

    Temperature - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    What will be the temperature for tomorrow?        

    Since we expect a numeric value in the response to this problem, we will solve it using Regression Algorithms.

    Moving along in this Data Science Tutorial, let’s discuss the next algorithm,

    How is this organised?

    Say you have some data, now you don’t have any idea, how to make sense out of this data. Hence the question, how is this organised?

    Well, you can solve it using clustering algorithms. How do they solve these problems? Let’s see:

    Clustering Algorithms - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    Clustering algorithms group the data in terms of characteristics which are common. For example in the above diagram, the dots are organised based on colors. Similarly, be it any data, clustering algorithms try to apprehend what is common between them and hence “clusters” them together.

    The next and final kind of problem in this Data Science Tutorial, that you may encounter is,

    What should I do next?

    Whenever you encounter a problem, wherein your computer has to make a decision based on the training that you have given it, it involves Reinforcement Algorithms.

    For Example:

    Temperature - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    Your temperature control system, when it has to decide whether it should lower the temperature of the room, or increase it.

    How do these algorithms work?

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    These algorithms are based on human psychology. We like being appreciated right? Computers implement these algorithms, and expect being appreciated when being trained. How? Let’s see. 

    Rather than teaching the computer what to do, you let it decide what to do, and at the end of that action, you give either a positive or a negative feedback. Hence, rather than defining what is right and what is wrong in your system, you let your system “decide” what to do, and in the end give a feedback.

    It’s just like training your dog. You cannot control what your dog does, right? But you can scold him when he does wrong. Similarly, maybe patting him on the back when he does what is expected.

    Let’s apply this understanding in the example above, imagine you are training the temperature control system, so whenever the no. of people in the room increase, there has to be an action taken by the system. Either lower the temperature or increase it. Since our system doesn’t understand anything, it takes a random decision, let’s suppose, it increases the temperature. Therefore, you give a negative feedback. With this, the computer understands whenever the number of people increase in the room, never increase the temperature.

    Similarly for other actions, you shall give feedback. With each feedback your system is learning and hence becomes more accurate in its next decision, this type of learning is called Reinforcement Learning.

    Now, the algorithms that we learnt above in this Data Science Tutorial involve a common “learning practice”. We are making the machine learn right?

    What is Machine Learning?

    Machine Learning - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    It is a type of Artificial Intelligence that makes the computers capable of learning on their own i.e without explicitly being programmed. With machine learning, machines can update their own code, whenever they come across a new situation. 

    Concluding in this Data Science Tutorial, we now know Data Science is backed by Machine Learning and its algorithms for its analysis. How we do the analysis, where do we do it. Data Science further has some components which aids us in addressing all these questions.

    Before that let me answer how MIT can predict the future, because I think you guys might be able to relate it now. So, researchers in MIT trained their model with movies and the computers learnt how humans respond, or how do they act before doing an action.

    For example, when you are about shake hands with someone you take your hand out of your pocket, or maybe lean in on the person. Basically there is a “pre action” attached to every thing we do. The computer with the help of movies was trained on these “pre actions”. And by observing more and more movies, their computers were then able to predict what the character’s next action could be.

    Easy ain’t it? Let me throw one more question at you then in this Data Science Tutorial! Which algorithm of Machine Learning they must have implemented in this?

    Data Science Process:

    • Data Extraction – Data extraction is the process of collecting or retrieving different types of data from a variety of sources, many of which may be badly organized or completely unstructured. Data extraction makes it possible to process, consolidate and refine data so that it can be stored in a centralized location in order to be modified. These locations may be cloud-based, on-site or a hybrid of the two.
      Data extraction is the most initial step in both ELT (extract, load, transform) and ETL (extract, transform, load) tasks. ETL/ELT are themselves part of an absolute data integration strategy.
    • Data Preparation – Once the data is extracted, it then enters the data preparation stage. Data preparation, often referred to as “pre-processing” is the stage at which raw data is cleaned and organized for the following stage of data processing. During preparation, raw data is rigorously checked for presence of any errors. The purpose of this step is to eliminate poor data (redundant, incomplete, or incorrect data) and begin to create excellent quality data for the best business intelligence.
    • Exploratory Data Analysis(EDA) – It refers to the censorious process of performing initial investigations on data so as to discover meaningful patterns,to detect anomalies,to test hypotheses and to check assumptions with the support of graphical representations and summary statistics.It is a good practice to have an understanding of the data first and try to gather as many meaningful insights from it. EDA is all about making sense of data in hand,before getting them tarnished with it.
    • Predictive analytics – It looks at historical and current data patterns to determine if those patterns are likely to appear again. This allows investors and businesses to adjust where they use their resources to take advantage of possible future events. Predictive analytics can also be used to reduce risk and improve operational efficiencies.Predictive analytics is a unique kind of technology that forms predictions about certain unknowns in the future. It draws on a series of techniques to make these determinations, including artificial intelligence (AI), data mining, machine learning, modeling, and statistics.
    • Model Building – In this step, the model building process actually starts. Here, Data scientists distribute datasets for training and testing. Techniques like regression, classification, and clustering are applied on the training data set. When the model gets prepared it gets tested against the “testing” dataset.Following are some common Model building tools:
      • SAS Enterprise Miner
      • MATLAB
      • BigML
      • WEKA
      • Apache Spark
      • SPCS Modeler
    • Model deployment: In model deployment the model is deployed in the desired channel and format. After careful evaluation and modifications, the data model will become ready to provide the results in real time.
    • Result Communication: In this stage, we will check if we have reached the goal, which we had set on the initial phase. We will then communicate the findings and final result with the business team.

     

    Data Science Components

    1. Datasets

    What will you analyze on? Data, right? You need a lot of data which can be analyzed, this data is fed to your algorithms or analytical tools. You get this data from various researches conducted in the past.

    2. R StudioR Studio Logo - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    R is an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R foundation. The R language is used in an IDE called R Studio. 

    Why is it used?

    • Programming and Statistical LanguageProgramming Statistics - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka
      • Apart from being used as a statistical language , it can also be used a programming language for analytical purposes.

     

    • Data Analysis and VisualizationAnalysis Visualization - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka
      • Apart from being one of the most dominant analytics tools, R also is one of the most popular tools used for data visualization.

     

    • Simple and Easy to LearnEasy - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka
      • R is a simple and easy to learn, read & write

     

     

    Open - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    • Free and Open Source
      • R is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source Software) which means one can freely distribute copies of this software, read it’s source code, modify it, etc.

     

    R Studio was sufficient for analysis, until our datasets became huge, also unstructured at the same time. This type of data was called Big Data.

    3. Big Data

    Big Data - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using on-hand database management tools or traditional data processing applications.

    Now to tame this data, we had to come up with a tool, because no traditional software could handle this kind of data, and hence we came up with Hadoop.

    4. Hadoop

    Hadoop - Data Science Tutorial - Edureka

    Hadoop is a framework which helps us to store and process large datasets in parallel and in a distribution fashion.

    Let’s focus on the store and process part of Hadoop.

    Store

    The storage part in Hadoop is handled by HDFS i.e Hadoop Distributed File System. It provides high availability across a distributed ecosystem. The way it function is like this, it breaks the incoming information into chunks, and distributes them to different nodes in a cluster, allowing distributed storage.

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    Process

    MapReduce is the heart of Hadoop processing. The algorithms do two important tasks, map and reduce. The mappers break the task into smaller tasks which are processed parallely. Once, all the mappers do their share of work, they aggregate their results, and then these results are reduced to a simpler value by the Reduce process. To learn more on Hadoop you can go through our Hadoop Tutorial blog series.

    If we use Hadoop as our storage in Data Science it becomes difficult to process the input with R Studio, due to its inability to perform well in distributed environment, hence we have Spark R.

    5. Spark R

    It is an R package, that provides a lightweight way of using Apache Spark with R. Why will you use it over tradition R applications? Because, it provides a distributed data frame implementation that supports operation like selection, filtering, aggregation etc but on large datasets.

    Take a breather now ! We are done with the technical part in this Data Science Tutorial, let’s look at it from your job perspective now. I think you would have googled the salaries by now for a data scientist, but still, let’s discuss the job roles which are available for you as a data scientist.

    Data Scientist Job Roles

    Some of the prominent Data Scientist job titles are:

    • Data Scientist
    • Data Engineer
    • Data Architect
    • Data Administrator
    • Data Analyst
    • Business Analyst
    • Data/Analytics Manager
    • Business Intelligence Manager

    The Payscale.com chart in this Data Science Tutorial below shows the average Data Scientist salary by skills in the USA and India.

    The time is ripe to up-skill in Data Science and Big Data Analytics to take advantage of the Data Science career opportunities that come your way. This brings us to the end of Data Science tutorial blog. I hope this blog was informative and added value to you. Now is the time to enter the Data Science world and become a successful Data Scientist.

    Also, If you are looking for online structured training in Data Science, edureka! has a specially curated Data Science Course that helps you gain expertise in Statistics, Data Wrangling, Exploratory Data Analysis, and Machine Learning Algorithms like K-Means Clustering, Decision Trees, Random Forest, and Naive Bayes. You’ll also learn the concepts of Time Series, Text Mining, and an introduction to Deep Learning. New batches for this course are starting soon!! 

    Got a question for us in Data Science Tutorial? Please mention it in the comments section and we will get back to you.

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